During the Bitcoin halving cycle, the block subsidy decreases sequentially, and this has become a certainty. The structure of miner income is facing a reshaping—transaction fees will become the main source of revenue in the future, which is a consensus in the industry.

The problem lies in the obvious deviation of value flow in the current L2 solution ecosystem. Many projects use off-chain execution as a gimmick, but in reality, they are extracting transaction settlement rights and fee flows. The direct consequence of this approach is the weakening of Layer 1 security reliance. The security of the Bitcoin network is fundamentally maintained by miners, and miner incentives come from two parts—block subsidies and transaction fees. When a large number of transactions are diverted to Layer 2, L1 transaction fees decline, and miner incentives diminish accordingly.

In the long run, this design approach is essentially building on the security foundation of Bitcoin mining. It may run smoothly in the short term, but once the security boundary is loosened, the entire ecosystem will be under pressure. Many projects may ultimately struggle to sustain themselves due to these design flaws.