區塊鏈分析公司 Chainalysis 於 3 月 30 日發布報告，揭示俄羅斯及伊朗相關組織利用加密貨幣採購低成本軍用無人機與零件。商用無人機已成為戰場中的核心武器，由於其在全球電子商務平台上廣泛銷售，傳統手段難以識別買家身份。但研究發現，加密貨幣的鏈上可追蹤特性反而成為還原信息工具，可從個人錢包追蹤資金流向。
區塊鏈追蹤機制：如何從數位帳本識別武器採購意圖
Chainalysis 國家安全情報主管 Andrew Fierman 解釋，區塊鏈的公開性使調查人員能夠在確認特定供應商後，追蹤其交易對手的完整活動歷史，從而釐清採購的用途與意圖。他指出，研究人員能夠將 2,200 至 3,500 美元之間的加密交易，與電子商務平台上無人機及零件的確切標價進行精確比對：「我們看到了他們對特定無人機型號與零件的採購需求、所需數量，隨後又看到了他們實際收到貨物的照片。」
Fierman 強調：「區塊鏈可以提供很多傳統方式不一定能獲得的見解。一旦你確定了供應商，就可以查看交易對手的活動，並評估購買背後的意圖。」
俄羅斯案例：親俄組織 830 萬美元採購鏈的完整追蹤
自 2022 年俄羅斯全面入侵烏克蘭以來，Chainalysis 已追蹤到以下關鍵數據：
加密捐款規模：親俄組織籌集逾 830 萬美元加密貨幣，無人機採購是明確指定的資金用途
交易金額匹配：2,200 至 3,500 美元的加密交易與電商平台無人機及零件標價精確比對
資金路徑還原：從與無人機開發者或準軍事組織相關的個人錢包，追蹤至電商平台供應商的具體訂單
採購規模評估：雖然目前可識別的無人機採購加密總量相對有限，但報告認為這反映的是識別邊界，而非問題本身的規模
報告指出，大多數無人機採購仍透過傳統金融管道進行，但採購網路正日益與區塊鏈深度交織，可追蹤的比例正在提升。
伊朗案例：革命衛隊錢包現蹤，矛頭指向香港供應商
報告披露了與伊朗伊斯蘭革命衛隊（IRGC）有關聯的加密錢包活動。調查人員識別出這個錢包曾向一家香港供應商採購無人機零件，這是迄今為止最具體的制裁規避鏈上證據之一。
與此同時，與伊朗相關的組織還被發現透過加密貨幣出售軍事裝備，顯示其使用加密貨幣的方式兼具採購與銷售的雙重功能，形成了更完整的軍事供應鏈閉環。
常見問題
為何加密貨幣被用於軍用無人機採購，而非傳統銀行轉帳？
加密貨幣具備跨境即時轉帳、無需銀行中介等特性，對面臨金融制裁的國家而言是繞過傳統支付系統的可能選項。低成本商用無人機在全球電商平台公開銷售，加密幣支付使採購者的身份更難被傳統金融監控系統識別，是制裁規避的常見手段之一。
區塊鏈的透明特性如何反被用於追蹤採購鏈？
儘管加密貨幣曾被認為具有匿名性，但公共區塊鏈實際上記錄了每筆交易的完整歷史且不可篡改。Chainalysis 等公司通過分析錢包地址間的資金流動模式、交易金額與電商平台商品標價的精確比對，以及已知供應商的交易對手識別，可重建從籌款到採購的完整資金鏈條。
伊朗革命衛隊加密錢包被識別對加密合規監管意味著什麼？
革命衛隊（IRGC）受多國金融制裁，任何與其相關的資金往來均受嚴格限制。此次鏈上追蹤揭示加密貨幣並非無法追蹤的制裁規避工具，為執法機構提供了可核實的制裁違規鏈上證據，對全球加密貨幣制裁合規執行具有重要的先例意義，可能推動相關平台加強對制裁名單的交易監控。
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